Fire safety requirements for hotel floor plan layout

The layout of the hotel must strictly follow the principle of fire zoning. Different functional areas, such as guest rooms, dining areas, entertainment areas, etc., should be divided into fire zones using facilities such as firewalls and fire-resistant rolling shutters to prevent the spread of fire.

For example, the area of each fire compartment in high-rise hotels generally does not exceed 1500 square meters, and if an automatic fire extinguishing system is installed, it can be doubled. Evacuation routes and safety exits are crucial, and they must be kept unobstructed. Adequate numbers and widths of channels and exits should be set up in accordance with relevant regulations.

When only one emergency exit or one evacuation staircase is set up on each floor of the hotel, one of the following conditions should be met:

1. The first floor of a single story or multi story public building with a building area not exceeding 200 square meters and a population not exceeding 50 people;

2. Comply with the provisions of 7.4.1.

A hotel room that meets one of the following conditions can be equipped with one evacuation door:

The room is located between two safety exits or on both sides of a bag shaped walkway, with a building area not exceeding 120 square meters;

The room is located at the end of the aisle and has a building area of no more than 50 square meters;

The room is located at the end of the aisle and has a building area of no more than 200 square meters. The straight-line distance from any point in the room to the evacuation door is no more than 15 meters, and the net width of the evacuation door is no less than 1.40 meters.

3. The evacuation staircase of the multi story public building where the hotel is located should be a closed staircase, except for the staircase directly connected to the open corridor.

4. The clear width of the public walkway in a single-sided fabric room of a hotel shall not be less than 1.30m, and the clear width of the public walkway in a double-sided fabric room shall not be less than 1.40m.

5. The evacuation distance needs to be strictly controlled:

When the hotel is located on a high floor, the straight-line distance from the evacuation door located between two safety exits to the nearest safety exit should not exceed 30m, and the straight-line distance from the evacuation door located on both sides or at the end of the bag shaped corridor to the nearest safety exit should not exceed 15m; when the hotel is located on a single or multi story building, the straight-line distance from the evacuation door located between two safety exits to the nearest safety exit should not exceed 40m, and the straight-line distance from the evacuation door located on both sides or at the end of the bag shaped corridor to the nearest safety exit should not exceed 22m. If all automatic sprinkler systems are installed in the building, the safe evacuation distance can be increased by 25%.

6. The net width of the hotel evacuation exit door should not be less than 0.8m, and the net height of the door opening should not be less than 2.1m; the evacuation door of the guest room should have an automatic closing function.

7. The net width of the first floor evacuation door and evacuation staircase should not be less than 1.1m.

8. Evacuation exit doors should be swing doors or doors with swing open function in case of fire, and the evacuation exit doors in the following places or locations should open in the direction of evacuation: rooms with more than 60 occupants in the building or rooms with an average evacuation of more than 30 occupants per door; Evacuate the doors of the stairwell and its front room; The door leading from indoors to outdoors for evacuation stairs.

9. Fire rescue entrances should be set up on the exterior walls for easy access by fire rescue personnel, and should comply with the following regulations:

⑴ Each fire compartment along the exterior wall should have no less than 2 fire rescue entrances set up within the corresponding fire rescue operation area;

Buildings without external windows should have fire rescue entrances on each floor, while buildings with external windows should have fire rescue entrances on each floor starting from the third floor;

The net height and width of the fire rescue entrance should not be less than 1.0m, and when using doors, the net width should not be less than 0.8m;

⑷ Fire rescue entrances should be easy to open or break from indoors and outdoors. When using glass windows, safety glass should be selected;

Fire rescue entrances should be equipped with permanent and visible signs that can be recognized both indoors and outdoors.

10. The doors of rooms such as kitchens, linen rooms, storage rooms, and garbage rooms in hotel buildings should be Class B fire doors.

11. The bathroom should not be located directly on the upper floor of rooms with strict hygiene and safety requirements (such as restaurants, kitchens, power distribution rooms, fire control rooms, computer rooms, etc.). Evacuation routes should be clearly marked, and the evacuation distance should also comply with regulations. For example, in high-rise hotels, the walking distance from the farthest point of the room to the emergency exit should generally not exceed 30 meters.

The combustion level of hotel decoration materials is related to fire safety. The "Code for Fire Protection Design of Interior Decoration of Buildings" stipulates that different areas of hotels have different requirements for the combustion performance of decoration materials.

For guest rooms, public activity areas, etc., the combustion performance of ceiling materials should reach Class A (non combustible), and the wall and floor materials should not be lower than Class B1 (flame retardant).

For crowded places such as lobbies and restaurants, strict control over decoration materials is necessary. Special areas, such as kitchens, should use non combustible materials for decoration due to the presence of open flames and high temperature environments, and be well separated from other areas for fire prevention. When both automatic fire alarm and automatic fire extinguishing systems are installed, the combustion performance level of the decoration materials can be reduced by one level based on the provisions of this specification table. The combustion performance level of interior decoration materials in windowless rooms is increased by one level on the basis of regulations, except for Class A.

Hotel fire water supply and drainage facilities

Indoor fire hydrant system is an essential fire-fighting facility in hotels. According to the "Code for Fire Protection Design of Buildings", hotels with a building height exceeding 21 meters or single or multi story hotels with a volume exceeding 5000 cubic meters should be equipped with indoor fire hydrant systems. Fire hydrants should be arranged reasonably to ensure that at least two water guns with full water columns can reach any part of the same floor at the same time, and the distance should not exceed 30 meters.

The automatic sprinkler fire extinguishing system has a significant effect on controlling initial fires. Except for a few places where water is not suitable for extinguishing fires, most areas of the hotel should be equipped with this system, such as guest rooms, corridors, restaurants, kitchens, etc. The arrangement of nozzles should be based on the characteristics of the location and the level of danger, ensuring uniform water spraying and effective fire extinguishing.

⑵ The fire water pool and fire water tank provide reliable guarantee for fire water supply.

When the municipal water supply of the hotel cannot meet the fire water demand, a fire water tank needs to be set up to store the fire water demand during the duration of the fire. The fire water tank should meet the initial requirements for fire water pressure and volume, and often work in conjunction with facilities such as stabilizing pumps.

Hotel smoke control facilities

Smoke prevention facilities ensure the safety of personnel evacuation. Smoke prevention facilities should be installed in hotel smoke prevention staircases and their front rooms, fire elevator front rooms or shared front rooms, front rooms of evacuation corridors, and evacuation floors (rooms).

Natural ventilation or mechanical pressurized air supply can be used. During natural ventilation, the front room or shared front room should have external windows that can be opened in different directions and have an area that meets the requirements of natural smoke exhaust vents; When mechanically pressurized air supply, it is necessary to ensure that the air supply volume and speed meet the specifications.

Smoke exhaust facilities should promptly release fire smoke.

Smoke exhaust facilities should be installed in areas such as song, dance, entertainment, screening, and gaming venues located on the first, second, and third floors with a room building area exceeding 100 square meters, underground or semi underground venues on the fourth floor and above, as well as in courtyards, above ground rooms with a building area exceeding 100 square meters and frequently occupied by people or exceeding 300 square meters and containing a large amount of combustible materials, and evacuation corridors exceeding 20 meters in length.

The smoke exhaust methods include natural smoke exhaust and mechanical smoke exhaust, and the design should be determined based on the characteristics and specifications of the building.

Hotel fire electrical facilities

The automatic fire alarm system can detect fires in a timely manner.

The hotel should install an automatic fire alarm system and reasonably arrange fire detectors, manual alarm buttons, alarm devices, and other equipment.

The detector selects smoke and temperature sensing types according to different locations to ensure accurate detection of fire signals and timely transmission to the fire control room.

Fire emergency lighting and evacuation signs guide personnel to evacuate during a fire.

Fire emergency lighting should be installed in hotel evacuation routes, emergency exits, stairwells, and other areas to ensure evacuation illumination; Evacuation signs should be clear and conspicuous, set on both sides of evacuation routes and above safety exits, indicating the direction of evacuation.

The laying of electrical circuits and installation of equipment must comply with fire safety requirements.

Electrical circuits should be protected by metal pipes, enclosed metal cable trays, or flame-retardant hard plastic pipes to avoid passing through flammable and explosive material warehouses and other places; Electrical equipment such as switches, sockets, and lighting fixtures should maintain a safe distance from flammable materials and take protective measures such as insulation and heat dissipation.

Reference materials: Relevant national standards and technical specifications such as the "Code for Fire Protection Design of Buildings" GB50016-2014 (2018 edition), "Code for Fire Protection Design of Interior Decoration of Buildings" GB50222-2017, "Technical Standard for Smoke Control and Exhaust Systems of Buildings" GB51251-2017.